A Comparison Of Machiavelli And Hobbes Politics Essay

A Comparison Of Machiavelli And Hobbes Politics Essay Machiavelli and Hobbes were the most significant political logicians of early innovation. Strategically, modernitys most punctual stage begins with Niccolà ³ Machiavellis works which straightforwardly dismissed the medieval and Aristotelian style of dissecting legislative issues by correlation thoughts regarding how things ought to be, agreeable to practical examination of how things truly are. He additionally recommended that a point of governmental issues is to control ones own possibility or fortune, and that depending upon provision really prompts underhanded. Machiavelli contended, for instance, that rough divisions inside political networks are unavoidable, however can likewise be a wellspring of solidarity which officials and pioneers should represent and even energize in some ways.â [1]â Machiavellis proposals were some of the time compelling upon rulers and rulers, yet in the long run came to be viewed as preferring free republics over governments. Machiavelli thus influenced Francis Bacon, Marchamont Needham, Harrington, John Milton, David Hume, and numerous others.â [2]â Significant present day political teachings which come from the new Machiavellian authenticity include Mandevilles compelling recommendation that Private Vices by the capable Management of a skilful Politician might be transformed into Public Benefits (the last sentence of his Fable of the Bees), and furthermore the tenet of a protected detachment of forces in government, first unmistakably proposed by Montesquieu. Both these standards are revered inside theâ constitutionsâ of mostâ modern majority rule governments. It has been seen that while Machiavellis authenticity saw an incentive to war and political viciousness, his enduring impact has been subdued so helpful clash was intentionally changed over however much as could be expected to formalized political battles and the financial clash empowered between free, private enterprises.â [3]â As I said in the main section of this article I will begin with Thomas Hobbes, endeavors were made to utilize the strategies for the new present day physical sciences, as proposed by Bacon and Descartes, applied to mankind and legislative issues. Prominent endeavors to enhance the methodological methodology of Hobbes incorporate those of Locke, Spinoza, Giambattista Vicoâ and Rousseau. David Humeâ made what he viewed as the primary legitimate endeavor at attempting to apply Bacons logical strategy to political subjects, dismissing a few parts of the methodology of Hobbes.â [4]â Innovator republicanism transparently impacted the establishment of republics during the Dutch Revoltâ (1568-1609), English Civil Warâ (1642-1651), American Revolutionâ (1775-1783) and the French Revolutionâ (1789-1799 A second period of innovator political speculation starts with Rousseau, who scrutinized the characteristic judiciousness and sociality of humankind and proposed thatâ human natureâ was considerably more flexible than had been recently suspected. By this rationale, what makes a decent political framework or a decent man is totally needy upon the possibility way entire individual has assumed control over history. This idea impacted the political (and stylish) thinking of Immanuel Kant, Edmund Burkeâ and others and prompted a basic survey of innovator legislative issues. On the moderate side, Burke contended that this understanding energized alert and shirking of radical change. Anyway progressively eager developments likewise formed from this knowledge into humanâ culture, initially Romanticism and Historicism, and in the end both the Communism of Karl Marx, and the cutting edge structures ofâ nationalismâ inspired by the French Revolution, including, in one ou trageous, the German Nazi movement. Francis Bacon propelled by Machiavelli Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was one of the main figures in normal way of thinking and in the field of logical system in the time of change from the Renaissance to the early present day period. As an attorney, individual from Parliament, and Queens Counsel, Bacon composed on inquiries of law, state and religion, just as on contemporary legislative issues; yet he additionally distributed messages in which he conjectured on potential originations of society, and he considered inquiries of morals (Essays) even in his chips away at common way of thinking (The Advancement of Learning).â [5]â After his examinations at Trinity College, Cambridge and Grays Inn, London, Bacon didn't take up a post at a college, however rather attempted to begin a political vocation. In spite of the fact that his endeavors were not delegated with progress during the time of Queen Elizabeth, under James I he rose to the most noteworthy political office, Lord Chancellor. Bacons global acclaim and impact spread during his last years, when he had the option to concentrate his energies only on his philosophical work, and much more so after his demise, when English researchers of the Boyle circle (Invisible College) took up his concept of a helpful exploration organization in their arrangements and arrangements for setting up the Royal Society.â [6]â Bacons technique for penetrating his philosophical thoughts into the aggregate oblivious to the age can best be summed up in his witticism: bene visit qui bene latuit One lives best by the concealed life. Bacon restored the Rosicrucian Mystery School and the Freemasons, and infused new life into these mystery club social orders so they became vehicles for the new Baconian theory of reason and logical enquiry. Bacon, similar to Goethe, hated information that didn't prompt activity and furthermore despised the forswearing of fiendishness in ourselves. Bacon was appreciative to Machiavelli for his straight to the point evaluation of the shadow side of human instinct in governmental issues: We are under obligation to Machiavelli, and journalists of that sort, who transparently and exposed announce what men do truth be told, and not what they should do; for it is difficult to join the intelligence of the snake and the honesty of the pigeon, without the valuable information on the idea of evil. Bacons works address all parts of mankind legislative issues, religion, philosophy, logical strategy, however his most splendid perceptions are mental. Hinting the disclosures via Carl Jung about the idea of the oblivious and the shadow side of man, Bacon perceived that the meanness of man ought to be perceived and managed straightforwardly, not subdued and represented as the devil.â [7]â In present day political vernacular, Bacon was a moderate. He considered a to be Government as one which was big-hearted without the most noticeably awful abundances of dictatorship by rulers, or by the greater part equivalent to Machiavelli. It is nearly without example that any administration was unprosperous under scholarly governors.â â [8]â In science, Bacon looked for nothing not exactly the recreation of a framework that could be applied to the help of keeps an eye on anguish. He built another Classification of Science (The Advancement of Learning, 1603-05), portrayed another technique for the Interpretation of Nature (Things Thought and Seen, 1607, Thread of the Labyrinth, 1606, Novum Organum, 1608-20). He examined the marvels of nature in Natural History (1622), and indicated how the essayists of the past had propelled their facts to the hour of Bacon in Forest of Forests, distributed in 1624. Bacon recorded expectations of logical outcomes he felt would originate from utilization of his techniques in On Origins (1621). Because of applying these standards, he portrayed the premise of another general public that would rise in The New Atlantis (1624). This Magna Instauratio, the extraordinary remaking, was roused by the vision Bacon had in his childhood, and was a huge undertaking unprecedented throughout the entire e xistence of thought. As Bacon expressed in the introduction to Magna Instauratio. furthermore, I am working to establish the framework not of any order or precept, however of utility and force. To Bacon, Knowledge is power, not insignificant contention or decoration. In Advancement of Learning, Bacon recommended that all everyday issues had balanced guidelines and an observational premise: medication, brain research, even dreams, expectations and other mysterious marvels. However he turns up at ground zero toward the finish of this review, inferring that science should be guided by reasoning. Bacon applies this to politics.â [9]â Examination Hobbes and Machiavelli on Human Nature Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), whose current notoriety lays generally on his political way of thinking, was a scholar with wide-extending interests. In theory, he shielded a scope of realist, nominalist, and empiricist sees against Cartesian and Aristotelian other options. In material science, his work was persuasive on Leibniz, and leads him into questions with Boyle and the experimentalists of the early Royal Society. Ever, he deciphered Thucydidess History of the Peloponnesian Warâ into English, and later composed his own history of the Long Parliament. In arithmetic he was less fruitful, and is best associated with his rehashed ineffective endeavors to square the circle. However, in spite of that, Hobbes was a genuine and conspicuous member in the scholarly existence of his time.â [10]â Thomas Hobbes and Machiavelli shared a shared characteristic in the timeframe in which they each lived. Isolated by roughly 100 years, the two scholars were concentrating on political hypothesis. Hobbes hypothesis would in general spotlight on the implicit agreement between a people and its legislature. Machiavellis hypothesis concentrated on the characteristics that framed an effective ruler. Looking at the two speculations, an examination is clear in that Machiavelli and Hobbes both appear to talk about the human instinct of society. In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes sees human instinct as individual self-safeguarding and as a position of steady war. There is a consistent battle between men. What causes this contention among men? Hobbes accepts that opposition and greatness causes war between men. He says, If two men want something very similar, which in any case the two of them can't appreciate, they become foes to obliterate each other. He reasons that self-protection is the best way to shield from being pulverized. The main w

Mobile Devices Health Care Professionals -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Mobile Devices Health Care Professionals? Answer: Introducation Electronic Health Record (EHR) or Electronic Medical Record (EMR) is an advanced stockpiling position for all the patients wellbeing informations. Information or informations are gathered deliberately and put away in advanced arrangement (Ventola, 2014). Accordingly, it is simpler to share one patients wellbeing data over the medicinal services settings of that territory. The EHR records are commonly shared by the methods for web associated and endeavor wide tele-data frameworks. An EHR involves an assorted scope of information, for example, the segment information of the patient, his clinical history, and information about any prior hypersensitivities, inoculation status, lab test results, fundamental signs, radiology pictures, and the individual measurements of the patient also. It has been a progressive expansion to the social insurance framework which helps in precise capacity of medicinal services information and disposes of the wastage of time that the doctors or human services proficient need to contribute while finding the information for the patient (Ventola, 2014). There are for the most part two business EMR framework accessible in Canada. The first in OSCAR EMR framework and the other one is QHR framework. The OSCAR is a gathering or set-up of electronic applications that incorporates applications for the human services framework, patients, pharmacist, self-check in utility for patients to be utilized in clinical workplaces and some more. Though, the QHR accuro is a gathering or set-up of programming to give framework based clinical records to mind focuses, medical clinics, pros for wellbeing data trade, charging subtleties just as patient booking. Accuro programming is additionally accessible in accuro versatile and accuro tolerant KIOSK suites for the accommodation of the patients. The OSCAR McMaster programming has ISO confirmation just as the Infoway J class affirmation that exhibits its quality and deliverable limits. OSCAR can run in the most elevated Health Level 7 (HL7) and consequently can move information the country over. It has a superb association with various specialists so the labs utilizing this suite can without much of a stretch download the wellbeing reports of neighborhood patients. The prime highlights incorporates enlistment subtleties of patient, their planning, charging, and electronic outline including aggregate patient subtleties. The remedy, constant sickness the board, continuous correspondence with the pharmacist are likewise a piece of its highlights (Oscarcanada.org, 2017). Then again, QHR accuro is committed to give information facilitating, answer for human services issues, information stockpiling and administrations and answers for a few other social issues for individuals of Canada. The prime highlights of QHR accuro incorporates virtual diagramming to introduce the clinical information in a natural way get ready and oversee solutions, 500 or more structures to be utilized by authorities, proficient letter age utilized for referrals and releases. The accuro assists with making an association or interface between medicinal services habitats, labs and gadgets across Canada (Qhrtechnologies, 2017). Along these lines, it is apparent that Oscar McMaster has a superior reach in the human services and labs than Accuro. Accuro can't run in the HL7 global norms while the Oscar can run both in universal HL7 and in neighborhood server also. The highlights of Oscar suite are progressed and easy to understand and because of better correspondence, it is spread the nation over. References Oscarcanada.org. (2017).ABOUT OSCAR Canada Users Society.Oscarcanada.org. Recovered from https://oscarcanada.org/about-oscar/brief-diagram/index_html#standards-conformance-and-highlights Qhrtechnologies. (2017).Cite a Website - Cite This For Me.Qhrtechnologies.com. Recovered from https://www.qhrtechnologies.com/electronic-clinical records/ Ventola, C. L. (2014). Cell phones and applications for medicinal services experts: uses and benefits.Pharmacy and Therapeutics,39(5), 356.

If You Have Bad Credit, a Letter of Explanation Could Help

If You Have Bad Credit, a Letter of Explanation Could Help If You Have Bad Credit, a Letter of Explanation Could Help If You Have Bad Credit, a Letter of Explanation Could HelpA letter of explanation could be the difference between getting your loan application approved and having it denied.This might be surprising to hear, but certain important financial decisions can hinge on something as simple as a letter. That’s right! Letters of explanation are an important part of the lending industry; they allow borrowers to clarify certain items in their financial history, including a bad credit score.Lousy credit can leave you high and dry when it comes to borrowing money, forcing you to use no credit check loansâ€"like cash advances, title loans, and payday loansâ€"when you have a fiscal emergency. And while there are plenty of safe, affordable bad credit loans out there, they wont help if youre looking to rent or buy a home. And thats where one of these letters of could come in handy.What is a letter of explanation?Whoever came up with the name for letters of explanation was a pretty straightforward du de, because that name pretty much says it all. These letters are submitted as a part of a loan application process in order to explain certain aspects of your finances that might otherwise raise a red flag.Letters of explanation are mostly associated with mortgages, because those loans have an incredibly stringent application process. Talk to anyone who’s in the middle of applying for a mortgage or has just finished applying for one and the half-deranged look in their eyes will tell you all you need to know about that.These letters are necessary because sometimes there is more to a particular situation than meets the eye. Sometimes perfectly normal transactions can look suspicious if, for instance, they were done in cash; other times a recent change of job or address will trip up underwriters and require clarification.Basically, lenders just want to confirm that you will be able to afford your loan. Letters of explanation help them get an accurate picture of your finances as they assess your application and decide whether or not to approve you for a loan.And it’s not just lenders either. Remember that many landlords will check your credit when you are trying to rent from them, so a bad credit score could end up costing you that sweet apartment. Writing a letter of explanation to a prospective landlord or rental company can help your chances of being accepted.Not all bad credit scores are created equal.If you have a bad credit scoreâ€"which is generally considered to be any score under 630â€"then it’s probably because you have made mistakes managing your credit. You have likely been missing payments, getting accounts sent to collections, or maxing out your credit cardsâ€"or some combination of all three!In cases like these, where there has been a repeated pattern of mismanagement, a letter of explanation probably isn’t going to do you any good. Your credit score is reflecting your use of credit pretty accurately. A traditional lender like a bank or a mo rtgage company is right to worry. You’ll have to turn your behavior around and build your credit score back up before you can qualify for a regular loan.However, if there are extenuating circumstances that have lead to your score dropping, a letter of explanation could definitely help. Did you end up in the hospital and your medical bills forced you to declare bankruptcy? Or what about a personal loan that you actually paid off but got sent to collections in error? Maybe you moved cities or states for a better paying job, but you had to put those moving expenses on your credit card.There are tons of different scenarios where a one-time situation caused your score to drop. And these are the kinds of scenarios where you’ll want to write a letter of explanation where you lay out the situation andâ€"this part is very importantâ€"make clear why said situation won’t really affect your finances moving forward.One position where a letter of credit is a great idea is when there are err ors on your credit report. If you are having trouble getting those errors resolved, you will for sure want to send a letter explaining the mix-up. After all, it’s quite literally not your fault that this information is lowering your score. To learn more about fixing credit report screw-ups, check out our blog post: How Do You Contest Errors On Your Credit Report?5 tips for writing a bad credit letter of explanation.So, now you know that a letter of explanation can be a useful tool for overcoming a lousy credit score. But a fat lot of good that information will do you without some tips to help you actually write one! Here are five pieces of advice to follow when composing a letter of explanation for poor credit:Be formal: This is a business communication, not an email to your mom or a text to your bestie. Date your letter and make sure you sign it at the bottom. Also, avoid casual language as much as possible.Be specific: Think of your letter as answering a very specific question a bout your finances. Include relevant dates, dollar amounts and your loan application number (if you have one). If you have documentation, include it. If you don’t, say that you don’t.Be classy: In general, avoid “blaming” other people and companies for what happened to you. Even if what happened to you wasn’t your fault, stick to the “X happened” instead “X did this to me, that stupid jerk.” Take responsibility for the situation and promise better in the future.Be brief: Your letter should only contain information that is absolutely relevant to matter at hand. With a bad credit score, your letter might be a little longer than a letter concerning a single transaction would be, but still: Make your letter as short as possible while still being effective.Be honest: This is crucial. Do not lie and don’t ever exaggerate or twist the facts. That will come back to bite you big time. Make sure you cop to the role you played in the events. The more you come across as a st raightforward, trustworthy person, the better.A letter of explanation isn’t a magic wand that you can wave over a denied loan or rental application and magically get it approved. But it is certainly a useful tool for any person looking to borrow money or rent a home. There are so many parts of the great financial machine that are hopelessly complicated. Letters of explanation, on other hand, are just wonderfully simple.To learn more about living life a lousy credit score, check out  these related posts and articles from OppLoans:How to Finance a Phone with Bad CreditHow Bad Credit Can Affect Your UtilitiesCan You Have Bad Credit Even With a Good Income?Have you ever had to write a letter of explanation? We want to hear from you! Let us know  on Facebook  and  Twitter.

Market Saturation - China Mobile Phone Industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2137 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? China is the largest national market for mobile phones and is a great source of revenues for companies. But as China’s economic rise and growth, its mobile phone market has grown and gone extremely fast, as possessing a smartphone has become a part of what Chinese people need to show their success and their money and as technology quickly gets upgraded. What could a market saturation mean and imply for phone manufacturing companies? A saturation of the Chinese mobile phones market underlines that people won’t be buying as much products as they used to during the last few years, and that there are enough brands constituting the national offer. And there are phones for all tastes, premiums (Samsung, Apple), low-cost (Xiaomi) or â€Å"improved† knock-offs. A new brand which would want to enter the Chinese market would have some difficulties to meet success, unless it benefits from a good reputation from the rest of the world –in the cas e of a foreign company. But the recent example of Xiaomi possibly shows that the best strategy to set is to rely on an effective differentiation. High screen resolution phones, customizable phones, â€Å"lifeproof† phones, â€Å"phablet† phones, game-oriented phones are some of the various potential differentiations for new brands that could succeed in the Chinese market. The last part of the article reads about the wants of China as far as mobile phones are concerned. It seems that most Chinese people now have higher expectations for their smartphones – China is not an under-developed country anymore and has to be considered as a market with elaborated and evolved needs. As their level of life increases and there are more and more rich people in China, the customers start to â€Å"Westernize† their expectations, and companies have to take that into account in order not to undergo too many problems facing the market saturation. Mobile phones now have t o be cool, connected, fast, and multi-tasking – as the Western standards. Here is a significant topic: the labor issues in China. Foreign companies tend to benefit from the very lax Chinese legislation on work conditions. The articles even reads about deaths caused by overwork. Is the issue that serious in China? It is widely known that Chinese people are considered good workers and that China is very interesting for foreign companies that wants to reduce their costs by having a hardworking though cheap workforce to assemble their products. Many firms benefit from the Chinese labor conditions in China, which have even been part of the economic rise of the Asian country for 30 years. The first big reveal of such practice was the Nike case, the company being accused of using sweatshops with intolerable work conditions in China in the 1990’s. Nowadays, it is Apple which is under the observation of many organizations and Westerners – mainly because of its huge success in the whole world, I think; smaller companies with less cultural impact may have the same HR issues but they’re not important enough to be at the center of a controversy. Contrary to what many would think, there are labor laws in China, applicable to all companies, whether local or foreign, as the article emphasizes. Workers at Apple factories are dedicated to their job: there are dorms, they work all day long, they are underpaid, whatever the law says. Apple do not respect legal work conditions, but what could anyone do? Who is to blame for? Apple is an American-based company and Foxconn is owned but a Taiwanese multinational – that is a major problem. Furthermore, both companies are extremely successful and prolific so why would they change their practices whereas it works extremely well like this? The many suicides and deaths that happened in Foxconn factories could be a red signal, but Apple always finds explanations to take the blames off itself. S uch problem is then, to me, relatively difficult to overcome, whatever the efforts of the Chinese government or external organizations. Foreign capitalist companies have always seemed to be taking advantage of China and Chinese workers that way, it will be complicated to make them understand that they should act differently. This article focuses on Chinese innovation concerning the mobile phone industry – which means phones as well as applications. Strong brands such as Xiaomi or WeChat participate in the apparent mobile innovation in China. But are all those brands really creative and original? Can we say that China is a major country in mobile innovation? Didi seems to be just a copy of Uber created in the US, WeChat a knock-off of WhatsApp and Weibo the Chinese Facebook and Twitter – both being forbidden in China. But looking deeper, it is easy to see that those smartphone applications stand out compared to their Western equivalents, as the article points out. As well, Xiaomi is a low cost mobile phone company that offers products much more evolved than the low cost brands the US or Europe have – and the success of the brand goes now even beyond the Chinese boundaries. In that sense, it could be said that Chinese companies really are innovative but even more we can say that they actually improve what Westerners do – that is where their innovation spirit stands. Indeed, China uses what the rest of the world creates to adapt it to its local market and making it even better. That is how I see innovation in China: the Chinese do not really create from nothing, they are great observers as well as replicators and invent upgraded and evolved versions of Western ideas. Besides, I would add that this is a patriotic behavior, as I see it: China culturally rejects foreign brands and act against them and sometimes above them by â€Å"nationalizing† their ideas and making them even better – the well-known counterfeiting ta lent of China is one example. Therefore, I agree with the author’s opinion, calling China a new leader in the mobile phone market. As for the government helping and supporting innovation, it is something that I could easily believe, as China started a great innovation plan from 2006. This could enable more and more entrepreneurs-to-be (or foreign talents) to create their companies and start to innovate. Because of its History and culture, China has long been a non-innovating country – a consequence of Maoism and forced egalitarianism with all sign of capitalism and enrichment eliminated – and now it appears to change. I believe it will intensify in the future thanks to government policies and its will to fight IP thefts and to highlight innovation: this is just what China needs to support its economic growth and to be considered as a true leader – and to frighten the rest of the world. The article sets an overview of what the mobile phone retail mar ket looks like now and what it should be like in the future. Phone makers companies have to be aware of its evolution in order to best sell their products, in a very fragmented and coming-to-saturation market. Given the facts in the article, what issues for mobile phones companies can be brought out? E-commerce is about to grow subsequently in the next few years. It is a logical evolution, as China has been used for a long time – earlier than the West, actually – to online shopping and delivery, for whatever type of products, with successful websites such as Taobao or Alibaba. E-commerce sites are big competitors and threats to phone stores, and local as well as foreign understood it and now manage to adapt to the Chinese’s wants: Apple is, for example, extremely present online in China. What I learn from this article is that the Chinese change their habits. While the mobile phone market is hitting saturation (see first article), not only manufacturer comp anies but also retailers have to innovate and differentiate from their competitors in order to stay relevant and effective. China is a fast-moving country and then trends are always moving and are pretty unpredictable – and this has been that way for 30 years. Companies and retailers have to be aware of that. Local brands, as they know their market and are easily adaptable, would have less worries than foreign brands which have to build a strong understanding of China and its people – very hard job. Such polemic does not give a good image of Chinese products – if it could get even worse. Westerners (maybe only French people actually, but I think it is a general trend in the West) are paranoid concerning made-in-China products – and even more when they are from Chinese brands! They are always suspicious about that country and whatever comes from it – prejudice of bad quality, no security. So I can understand how the West has reacted when they hea rd that a Chinese brand could have been involved in political matters and spying activities against the US and Australia. China is the villain and a dangerous nation (eventhough the US themselves spied the whole world with their NSA, for different matters)!! Huawei has since then – whether the security issue and other suspicions have been actually proved or not – become a â€Å"threat to national security†. This is bad advertisement for the company that is already reputed for selling bad mobile phones and it could cause problems concerning their international expansion. Following this affair, Huawei could lose market shares in the West, people’s trust in Chinese products – or even more in China in itself – getting even more damaged. After that security issue, Huawei has been blamed for many other things such as financing Iran or the Taliban from Afghanistan. I think – whether it is true or not – it is mainly a way to crea te bad feelings from the world against China, as it was the case against Japan during the protectionist times of the US Japan-bashing. An anti-Chinese sentiment would be good as the country becomes more and more powerful economically – partly thanks to the West – and could threaten other economies. This could also easily be seen as a form of xenophobia, a fear of China, in the sense that the Western world cannot really do anything to stop or prevent the expansion of China globally or in their own country. If it works, Chinese brands and especially Huawei could have a lot of trouble entering foreign markets. China is very well known in the Western world for being a big place in terms of counterfeited items and knock-offs of everything, from products to entire brands and services. And, of course, mobile phones are no exception. Why do the Chinese counterfeit so much? What are the benefits of it for them? Counterfeiting seems to be an entire part of Chinese culture, which even has a name – Shanzhai. For the few weeks I have spent in Beijing, I have seen many knock-offs of brands such as Louis Vuitton, Apple or KFC. It is noticeable anywhere, thus Shanzhai appears to be a really well spread practice in China and something that seems to be accepted and natural. Concerning mobile phones, Apple and Samsung knock-offs can be found anywhere, in â€Å"fake† stores or in markets. What the article suggests is that it stands as a solution to employment and as a support of economic development. I can see the employment point – copying every possible brand multiply the job offer in China, whose unemployment rate appears to be 4.10% – but as far as economic development is concerned, I personally see the Shanzhai culture more as a threat than as a support. Indeed, relationships with foreign companies and investment might be damaged by such practices and so much counterfeiting could be seen as a lack of Chinese innovation (or, on the contrary, as another form of innovation? Adapting foreign products to the wants of the Chinese market? I don’t really think so). It appears as a problem, as well as IP rights unrespect in the country show, and as an unfair competition for brands who sell the original products. Shanzhai hurts growth, in the sense that it reduces China’s competitiveness and this is not good for business in the country. This practice thus has a big impact in the Chinese world. It seems to be really inherent to China, loyal to Asian and Confucian values (collectivism, â€Å"we† stronger than â€Å"I†, fear of failure, importance of money for success, rejection of Western brands and beliefs†¦). But can the Chinese change? Actually, the government is trying to make things change by reinforcing IP laws for example, and I think it is a good way to end the â€Å"copy and don’t innovate† state of mind that Chinese people have and have had for long. But there still isn’t a sign of change because the problem is now in people’s behaviors and beliefs, and that is not easy to modify. The government’s leap forward is a good thing to reassure foreign companies and investors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Market Saturation China Mobile Phone Industry" essay for you Create order

How to Grow Black Crystals

This crystal growing recipe produces black crystals. You can make them solid black like black diamonds, or translucent black like smoky quartz. Materials Black food coloring is used to make black crystals. While this crystal recipe calls for borax, you could grow black sugar crystals or rock candy, if you prefer. The black pipe-cleaner is not essential, but it provides a good surface for crystal growth and is not visible underneath the dark crystals. BoraxHot waterWide mouth jar or glassBlack pipe-cleanersBlack food coloring Directions Bend the black pipe-cleaner into any shape you like, as long as it will fit inside the glass or jar you are using to grow the crystals. Bend an end of the pipe-cleaner over a pencil or butter knife so that the shape will be hanging inside the jar. Try to keep the pipe-cleaner shape from touching the sides or bottom of the container. Remove the shape and set it aside.Prepare the crystal growing solution. Fill the jar with boiling water. Stir borax into the water a little at a time until it stops dissolving. You will need about 3 tablespoons of borax for each cup of water. It is fine if a small amount of undissolved borax remains on the bottom of the container.Stir in 5 to 10 drops of black food coloring. A smaller number of drops will produce translucent black crystals. If you use a lot of black food coloring, you can get solid black crystals.Place the pipe-cleaner shape in the jar. Allow the crystals to grow several hours or overnight. Try to avoid disturbing the crystals. You wont b e able to see into the jar to see how they are doing. Wait several hours before checking on their progress.When you are satisfied with the crystals, remove them and hang them or set them on a paper towel to dry. The black food coloring can stain your hands, clothing, and furniture.

Biology Post Lab on Osmosis and Diffusion Free Essays

Brian Toohey Biology Mrs. Heimforth 12/06/10 Diffuse the Osmosis Section 2: Introduction Step 1: The scientific concept of this lab was to see how osmosis transferred the substance through the cells to reach equilibrium. Step 2: My hypothesis was that the bag with 60% sucrose then it would be heavier than the bag with tap water or 30% sucrose. We will write a custom essay sample on Biology Post Lab on Osmosis and Diffusion or any similar topic only for you Order Now I thought this because I thought that there would be more of a substance change in 60% sucrose. Section 3: Methods First get 3 pieces of the same length of tubing then get 6 pieces of string. Fold one half of the tube over and tie the end with string.Then add 5 ml of 30% sucrose solution in the tubes. Squeeze the bag gently to release air fold it over and tie it with another piece of string. Rinse bags under water then dry. Then weigh bags to nearest tenth of a gram and record. Then place one bag in each of the beakers. Then let them sit for 30 minutes do not touch. Remove bags quickly rinse and dry and reweigh. Then record results. Section 4: Results Step 1: | 60% sucrose | 30% sucrose | Tap Water | before | 6. 2 | 4. 6 | 5. 4 | after | 4. 3 | 4. 5 | 4. 8 | Step 2: As the sucrose decreases so does the weight.I have found that when you decrease the amount of sucrose it will cause the water to go outward making the bag weigh less. Section 5: Step 1: The lab experimentation did not support my hypothesis because the weight decreased more with the sucrose. Step 2: The specific data that made my hypothesis wrong is the fact that when we added less sucrose the after weight decreased as shown in my graph. Step 3: The results did not support my hypothesis because when the water was greater on the inside it went outside by using osmosis but when the water was greater on the outside it went inside making the bag heavier.Step 4: When we were conducting the experiment one bag might have sat in the cups to long. Step 5: I have learned that water is the only thing that can be sent through the cell without using energy. I also learned that through diffusion smell spreads. Step 6: I learned that it is very hard to keep track of things you don’t label it takes a lot of memory. ;)Section 6: References Postlehwait, John H. , and Janet L. Hopson. Modern Biology. Austin: Holt, Rinehard, and Winston, 2006. 65-73. Print How to cite Biology Post Lab on Osmosis and Diffusion, Papers

Philosophy for Zen Meditation and Buddhism- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePhilosophy for Zen Meditation and Buddhism. Answer: Zen Meditation is a part of Zazen. When people meditate, they have a goal to seek something such as calmness of mind, good breathing, touching inner soul etc. In Zazen, the whole idea of meditation is to not have a goal and still meditate. Zazen is also known as Zen Buddhism. This was introduced to Japan from China. This involves the seeking of ones own Buddha nature with the help of meditation. The monks who follow this meditation process live in present instead of letting their mind flow in past or future(Asianartmuseum 2009). Zen Buddhism is divided into two sections. It consists of two schools of thought, one gradual and other sudden approach for enlightenment. Gradual school teaches only a single way for practicing meditation which is also known as Zazen. It can be practiced via few methods but no position has any certain spiritual importance. These positions are usually for creating stability, breathing ability through diaphragm and to create comfort. While in sudden school, it is believed that enlightenment can occur instantly. Koans and mondos are used to help the practitioner so that he can gain more insight and feel enlightened(Berg 2016). When Buddhism is practiced, the person meditating does not try to go in a hypnotic state. Buddhists certainly want to avoid duality through meditating and this should involve the body and the mind, both becoming the single entity. Practicing Zen is to know that thoughts are faculty of mind and they should not stop or ignored. Instead of ignoring the thoughts, thinking should be acknowledged but then it should be put aside in the mind so that the person should not worry or fear or stress about anything. This is defined as the liberation too which frees the mind from all the sufferings (James 2003, Pp 147-150). Zen meditation actually owes its inception to Buddhism which was practiced in early India where people used to be in profound state of meditation also known as Samadhi. Buddhists are required to master three components in meditation. One out of them is Samadhi. The other two are ethical percepts observations called Sila and wisdom of non discrimination called as Prajna. Zen Buddhism says that non discriminatory wisdom defined knowledge which is practical and experimental. In Zen meditation, theoretical wisdom is language game in which the use of language is done for the discrimination as it is known to be the part of the decision making(Chatraporn 2009). There has been no such country which is touched by Buddhism but it developed where the tradition of meditation did not grow or started. It was actually developed when the origin of physical and mental yogic forms were done in Western India. These traditions were taken care of in Ceylon and Southeast Asia was celebrated as the most important mean for realizing the goal of Buddhism. While in East Asia, Zen Buddhism has been a major part of Buddhists. Zen grew from Taoism and Buddhism and has been considered a unique form of Buddhism since centauries(Amihai and Kozhevnikov 2015). Zen never claims that that people from Buddhist background and trainers can only achieve realization. Zen accepts everything that is true and real irrespective of any religion and it also recognizes those who have actually achieved realization. What seems to be not real and trivial to Zen, it keeps that aside. Zen has changed itself with time to time. It does not have to deal with the learning and the trainings as it transmits directly. In Western part, there are people who actually use the name of Zen for attracting people or followers. While Buddhism is always advertised, Zen is not(Swearer 1971). Arguably, the discourse of Zen also destabilizes the categories which are ontological and the binaries of body and the mind. This has diverse temporal orientation because the person who practices mindfulness is not attached to the past or the future and focus on the present only(Foulk 2012). From Zen Buddhism, the celebration of mindfulness always displays its capability to nurture creativity, actions which are flexible and learnings.It focuses on the meta-level conditions of entrepreneurial behavior instead of specifying how and when entrepreneurial spirit should manifest. This can be taken as the chance to grab the work which is productive(Saari and Harni 2016). As it is discussed that Meditation is the foundation of Zen Buddhism, it is the main aspect of religion. Zen can be called as meditation where the path is actually the goal. Zazen could be practiced in few different ways but it has no specific positions or importance except comfort and stability. Breathing is important for meditation. Buddhism came first and then Zen occurred later from Buddhism. Yet, Zen has more approach and followers(OperationMeditation 2018). It is because Zen only teaches the ways to be happy and to calm up the mind without any goal. Being in present is something everyone should learn. No worries of the past or the future should trouble any person. Hence, Zen Buddhism should be practiced. References Amihai, Ido, and Maria Kozhevnikov. "The Influence of Buddhist Meditation Traditions on the Autonomic System and Attention." BioMed Research International, 2015. Asianartmuseum. Zen Buddhism. 2009. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WAi2fwUqN4 (accessed April 22, 2018). Berg, Jonas Gabriel. "Zen Buddhism and Medi." duo.uio.no. 2016. https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/55073/Zen-and-Media.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed April 23, 2018). Chatraporn, Surapeepan. "The Doubly Eastern Synder: Zen Buddhist Philosophy." Journal of Humanities Regular, 2009. Foulk, Griffith T. Just Sitting. 2012. https://terebess.hu/zen/mesterek/Foulk.html (accessed April 24, 2018). James, Simon P. "Zen Buddhism and the intrinsic value of nature." Contemporary Buddhism 4, no. 2 (2003): 143-157. OperationMeditation. How are Buddhism and Zen Related? Eight Interesting Facts. 2018. https://operationmeditation.com/discover/how-are-buddhism-and-zen-related-eight-interesting-facts/ (accessed April 23, 2018). Saari, Antti, and Esko Harni. "Zen and the art of everything: Governing." Ephemera: theory politics in organization 16, no. 4 (2016). Swearer, Donald K. "Secrets Of Lotus." terebess.hu. 1971. https://terebess.hu/zen/mesterek/Secrets%20of%20the%20Lotus_Swearer.pdf (accessed April 23, 2018).

Great Gatsby And Fall Of American Dream Essays - The Great Gatsby

Great Gatsby And Fall Of American Dream The book 'The Great Gatsby' by F. Scott Fitzgerald was an 'icon of its time.' The book discusses topics that were important, controversial and interesting back in 1920's America. The novel is 'an exploration of the American Dream as it exists in a corrupt period of history.' The main themes in the book are the decay of morals and values and the frustration of a 'modern' society. The Great Gatsby describes the decay of the American Dream and the want for money and materialism. This novel also describes the gap between the rich and the poor (Gatsby and the Wilsons, West Egg and the Valley of the Ashes) by comparing the differences between the Western United States (traditional western culture) and the Eastern United States (money obsessed values). On a smaller scale this could be seen as the difference between the West Egg (the 'new, money) and the East egg (the 'old' money). The 1920's were a time of corruption and the degradation of moral values for the United States and many other countries. World War One had just ended and people were reveling in the materialism that came with the end of it, new mass produced commodities such as motor cars and radios were filling people's driveways and houses, money was more accessible (before the Great Depression). Cars were becoming a social symbol in the 1920s as we can see with Gatsby's five cars, one of which he gives to Nick and one of which kills Myrtle Wilson later on in the novel. Herbert Hoover (an American President) said in 1925 "We will root out poverty and put two cars in every garage." The parties that Gatsby held every week in the summer were a symbol of the carelessness of the time. Gatsby would hide in the house while the 'guests', most of whom were not even invited, would party, eat and drink until the early hours of the morning without even meeting the guest or even knowing who he was. People would turn up just to be seen or reported in the local newspapers "In his blue garden people came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne." This shows the carelessness of the guests. Another quote about the parties refers to the way the guests devour the endless supply of food and never give a thought as to who gave it to them. "Every Friday five crates of oranges and Lemons arrived from a fruiterer In New York- Every Monday these same oranges and lemons left his backdoor in a pyramid of pulpless halves." This is also a symbol; it relates the 'pulpless halves' to the rather 'empty' guests, soulless people obsessed by image and wealth, a corruption of the American Dream. Another sign of the fall of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby is the way Gatsby makes his money. Gatsby gets his fortune through the illegal sale of alcohol ('bootlegging'). The sale of alcohol was prohibited in the United States in the 1920s. Gatsby came from the western United States where there was 'old money.' There he met Dan Cody who taught him how to 'bootleg.' As Gatsby became richer he moved to West Egg in New York. Gatsby's house is a rather artificial place, the house was originally built to impress Daisy with his so-called wealth, and this is a sign of a corrupt way of'winning' love through money and wealth. Gatsby's house is furnished well with old looking ornaments and (probably) second hand antiques, Gatsby's house also has a library which is full of 'uncut' literature. The conversation between Jordan and an unnamed man at one of Gatsby's parties talks about the books: "Absolutely real - have real pages and everything. I'd thought they'd be a nice durable cardboard." These books and antiques are just Gatsby's way of showing off his wealth to others, however Gatsby doesn't really care for materialism, we can tell this because his bedroom, the only room he really ever uses, is empty compared to the rest of the house. Gatsby's love life is also a sign of declining morals, and also a sign of further corruption of the American Dream. Daisy has an affair with Gatsby; Gatsby then gets concerned that Daisy does not tell Tom about her affair with him in chapter six. Eventually Daisy tells Tom about her affair with Jay Gatsby. The climax of the story comes when Gatsby tells Tom that Daisy never loved him. The fall of the

Pew projects Essays - Demography, Population, Immigration

Pew projects Essays - Demography, Population, Immigration Prof Lauren Conj Comm 301 15 November 2015 Pew projects that in forty years time, no racial or ethnic group will constitute a majority of the U.S. population, as whites are projected to become less than half of the U.S. population by 2055. Therefore, by 2065, the nation would be 46 percent white, 24 percent Hispanic, 14 percent Asian and 13 percent black. Moving forward, Pew projects, births to current Americans will be vastly outnumbered by new arrivals unless Congress hits the pause button on issuing new green cards. If that doesnt happen, Pew projects an immigration flow so large that nine-tenths of all new residents will be immigrants or their children. In a 2012 report, the Center for Immigration Studies observed that: if the level of immigration the Census Bureau foresees in 2050 were to continue after that date, the U.S. population would reach 618 million by 2100 double the 2010 population. Those numbers could go even higher as many politicians, most notably , are pushing to dramatically expand the number of green cards, foreign workers and refugees. These limitless immigration expansions are sought by donors who want to keep workers salaries as low as possible. Today, after five decades of large-scale immigration, real average wages are lower than they were in 1973, shortly after the green card gusher began. Because foreign workers do jobs for such low pay, their incomes are padded with welfare. A census data report authored by the nonpartisan Center for Immigration Studies recently found that immigrant households use welfare at significantly higher rates than native households, with more than half of U.S. immigrants on welfare. Manhattan Institute scholar Heather Mac Donald has observed foreign-born Hispanics and their American-born children use welfare at rates which vastly exceed those of native-born whites. Native-born Hispanics collected welfare at over twice the rate as native-born whites, Mac Donald writes. Moreover, the Hispanic population accounted for almost the entire increase in poverty from 1990 to 2004. As Washington Post columnist Robert Samuelson has reported:

Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) - Essay Example As a result of this, many corporations resolved to embark on the programs of CSR in an attempt to offset their effects on the society along with improving their corporate practices in general. Companies that decide to implement a CSR program start out by discussing the program in their codes of ethics and mission statements so that the interested parties and stockholders become aware of the program. Many companies presently have a separate CSR department that not only ensures that the company’s CSR program is noticed by the public but also manages the social programs of the company. Companies generally vary in the scope of their CSR program. A vast majority of the companies start implementing the CSR program at home by offering more health benefits and higher wages to their employees. Addressing the corporate suppliers is usually the step that follows that tends to create a constant supply chain with practices that are ethically justifiable. The advantages of having a CSR program mainly include good reputation in the market and in the eyes of the consumers, increased brand loyalty on the part of the consumers, and a competitive advantage for the companies particularly when they bid for contracts. The disadvantages of having a CSR program include incurring extra cost to do the operations that can otherwise be done in a cost-effective manner, though the latter would be more unfriendly toward the environment or the society at large. Many companies these days have a trend of adding a charitable aspect to their CSR programs. An example of this can be sponsor initiatives directed at the development of the community in the regions where coffee is produced by a company that produces and sells coffee. Likewise, a company that produces oil might take measures for the restoration of habitat in a region that has historically been used for the extraction of oil. In addition to that, many companies add this charitable aspect by donating funds to the charities of their own

Spyware and Implementing Network Security to Prevent it Essay

Spyware and Implementing Network Security to Prevent it - Essay Example Spyware may collect different types of information. Some variants attempt to track the websites a user visits and then send this information to an advertising agency. More malicious variants attempt to intercept passwords or credit card numbers as a user enters them into a web form or other application. The scourge of spyware is going to be here for quite a while, simply because the attacker make so much money from it. An attacker can make a dollar or more per month per infected system by using spyware to inject pop-up ads, Spam and other annoyances. Therefore, attackers have a vested interest to constantly adapt their software and make it ever more stealthy and sticky. Additionally, the stakes are even higher if the attacker can steal credit card or bank account information. What weve seen in the past three years is the growth of a spyware industry that spins off millions of dollars. That money is often folded back into research and development for more malicious attacks. This R&D funding makes their software even more powerful and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. As spyware continues to threaten the stability of corporate infrastructures, its crucial to understand how this malicious software works and how to defend against it. This assignment is a compilation of resources that explain what spyware is, how it attacks and most importantly what you can to do to win the war on spyware. Spyware is any technology that aids in gathering information about a person or organization without their knowledge. On the Internet where it is sometimes called a spybot or tracking software, spyware is programming that is put in someones computer to secretly gather information about the user and relay it to advertisers or other interested parties. Spyware can get in a computer as a software virus or as the result of installing a new program. Some common examples of spyware are CoolWebSearch (CWS), Gator

Factor Language Model Programming

Factor Language Model Programming Language Model Language model helps a speech recognizer figure out how likely a word sequence is, independent of acoustics. There is a linguistic and statistical approach to calculate the probability. The linguistic technique tries to understand the syntactic and semantic structure of a language and derive the probabilities of word sequences using this knowledge. The challenge here is to have proper co occurrence statistics of the unit of recognition. The approach in use evaluates a huge text corpus in a statistical way and word transitions. Current language models make no use of the syntactic properties of natural language but rather use very simple statistics such as word co-occurrences. Recent results show that incorporating syntactic constraints in a statistical language model reduces the word error rate on a conventional dictation task by 10% [M.S.Salam, 2009]. Proposed Language Model The approach proposed here uses factored language model which incorporates the morphological knowledge. Factored language models have recently been proposed for incorporating morphological knowledge in the modeling lexicon. As suffix and compound words are the cause of the growth of the vocabulary, a logical idea is to split the words into shorter units. The language model proposed in this research is based on morphology. A morphological analyser obtains and verifies the internal structure of a given complete word form [Rosenfield, 2000]. Building a morphological analyser for highly inflecting, agglutinative languages is a challenging task. It is very difficult to build a high performance analyser for such languages. The main idea here is to divide a given word form into a stem and single suffix. Morphology plays a much greater role in Telugu. An inflected Telugu word starts with a stem and may have suffix(s) added to the right according to complex rules of saMdhi. This research proposes a new data structure based on Inverted Index and an efficient algorithm for accessing its elements. Few researchers have used tries for efficient retrieval from dictionary, earlier. This research work is different from earlier work in two ways: a) variation to the structure of trie b) the method of identifying and combining inflections. Modified Trie Structure A trie is a tree based data structure for storing strings in order to support fast pattern matching. A trie T represents the strings of set S of n strings with paths from root to the external node of T. Fig 5.1: Original Trie Structure The trie considered here is different from standard trie in two ways: 1) A standard trie does not allow a word to be prefix of another, but the proposed trie structure allows a word to be prefix of another word. The node structure and search algorithm also is given according to this new property. 2) Each word in a standard trie ends at an external node, where as in the modified trie a word may end at either an external node, or the internal node. Irrespective of whether the word ends at internal node or external node, the node stores the index of the associated word in the occurrence list. The node structure is changed such that, each node of the trie is represented by a triplet C,R,Ind>. C represents character stored at that node. R represents whether the concatenation of characters from root till that node forms a meaningful stem word. Its value is 1, if characters from root node to that node form a stem, 0 otherwise. Ind represents index of the occurrence list. Its value depends on the value of R. Its value is -1 (negative 1), if R=0, indicating it is not a valid stem. So no index of occurrence list matches with it. If R=1, its value is index of occurrence list of associated stem. Fig 5.2: Modified Trie Structure Advantages relative to binary search tree: The following are the main advantages of tries overbinary search trees(BSTs): Looking up keys is faster. Looking up a key of lengthmtakes worst caseO(m) time. A BST performs O(log(n)) comparisons of keys, wherenis the number of elements in the tree, because lookups depend on the depth of the tree, which is logarithmic in the number of keys if the tree is balanced. Hence in the worst case, a BST takes O(mlogn) time. Moreover, in the worst case log(n) will approachm. Also, the simple operations tries use during lookup, such as array indexing using a character, are fast on real machines. Tries can require less space when they contain a large number of short strings, because the keys are not stored explicitly and nodes are shared between keys with common initial subsequences. Tries facilitatinglongest-prefix matching, helping to find the key sharing the longest possible prefix of characters all unique. Corpus structure of proposed Language Model The corpus consists of the following modules: Stem word dictionary This accommodates all the stems of the language. Stem word dictionary is implemented as an Inverted Index for better efficiency. The Inverted index will have the following two data structures in it: 1) Occurrence list: It is an array of pairs, 2) Stem trie: consisting of stem words Occurrence list is constructed based on the grammar of the language, where each entry of the list contains the pair (ii) Inflection Dictionary This dictionary contains the list of all possible inflections of the Telugu language. Each entry of Stem word dictionary lists the indexes of this dictionary to indicate which all inflections are possible with that stem. The proposed corpus structure helps in reducing the corpus size drastically. Every stem word may have number of inflections possible. If the inflected words are stored as it is, then corpus size would be m*n, where m is number of stem words and n is number of inflections. Instead of storing all the inflected words, the proposed corpus structure stores stem words and inflections separately, and handles the inflected words through morphology. Hence the corpus size required is for m stem words and n inflections i.e., m+n. Thus there is a great reduction in the corpus size. For a corpus of 1000 stem words and 10 inflections, the required corpus size is 1000+10=1010, which otherwise would have required 1000*10=10000. Fig 5.3 : Corpus structure of proposed Language Model Textual Word Segmentation using Proposed Language Model The proposed language model is used to develop a textual word segmenter. A word segmenter is used to divide the given inflected word into a stem and single inflection. This is required as the corpus stores stems and inflections separately. Input the word segmenter is an Inflected word. Syllabifier takes this word and divides the word into syllables and identifies if the letter is a vowel or a consonant. After applying the rules syllabified form of the input will be obtained. Once the process of syllabification is done, this will be taken up by the analyzer. Analyzer separates the stem and inflection part of the given word. This stem word will be validated by comparing it with the stem words present in stem dictionary. If the stem word is present, then the inflection of the input word will be compared with the inflections present in inflection dictionary of the given stem word. If both the inflections get matched then it will directly displays the output otherwise it takes the appropriate inflection(s) through comparison and then displays. Syllabification is the separation of the words into syllables, where syllables are considered as phonological building blocks of words. It is dividing the word in the way of our pronunciation. The separation is marked by hyphen. In the morphological analyzer, the main objective is to divide the given word into root word and the inflection. For this, we divide the given input word into syllables and we compare the syllables with the root words and inflections to get the root word and appropriate inflection. Fig 5.4: Block diagram of Word Segmentr for text Steps for word segmentation Receiving the inflected word as an input from the user. Syllabify the input Analyze the input and validating the stem word. Identify the appropriate inflection for the given stem word by comparing the inflection of given word with the inflections present in inflection dictionary of the stem word. Displaying the appropriate inflected word. For example, considering the word â€Å"nAnnagariki† (à  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ±Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ °-à  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ °Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¿) meaning â€Å"to father†, the input is given the user in Roman transliteration format. This input is basically divided into lexemes as: Now, the array is processed which gives the type of lexeme by applying the rules of syllabification one by one. Applying Rule 1: â€Å" No two vowels come together in Telugu literature.† The given user input does not have two vowels together. Hence this rule is satisfied by the given user input. The output after applying this rule is same as above. If the rule is not satisfied, an error message is displayed that the given input is incorrect. Now the array is: c – v – c – c – v – c – v – c – v – c – v Applying Rule 2: â€Å" Initial and final consonants in a word go with the first and last vowel respectively.† Telugu literature rarely has the words which end up with a consonant. Mostly all the Telugu words end with a vowel. So this rule does not mean the consonant that ends up with the string, but it means the last consonant in string. The application of this rule2 changes the array as following: c – v – c – c– v – c – v – c – v – c – v cv – c – c – v – c – v – c – v – cv This generated output is further processed by applying the other rules. Applying Rule 3: â€Å" VCV: The C goes with the right vowel.† The string wherever has the form of VCV, then this rule is applied by dividing it as V – CV. In the above rule the consonant is combined with the vowel, but here in this rule the consonant is combined with the right vowel and separated from the left vowel. To the output generated by the application of rule2, this rule is applied and the output will be as: cv – c – c – v – c – v – c – v – cv cv – c – c – v – cv – cv – cv This output is not yet completely syllabified, one more rule is to be applied which finishes the syllabification of the given user input word. Applying Rule 4: â€Å" Two or more Cs between Vs First C goes to the left and the rest to right.† It is the string which is in the form of VCCC*V, then according to this rule it is split as VC – CC*V. In the above output VCCV in the string can be syllabified as VC – CV. Then the output becomes: cv – c – c – v – cv – cv – cv cvc– cv – cv – cv – cv Now this output is converted to the respective consonants and vowels. Thus giving the complete syllabified form of the given user input. nAn – na –cA – ri – ku cvc – cv – cv – cv – cv Hence, for the given user input, â€Å"nAnnagAriki†, the generated syllabified form is, â€Å"nAn – na – gA – ri – ki†. Fig 5.5: Word Segmenter showing an inflected word without change in stem form Fig 5.6: Word Segmenter showing an inflected word with a change in stem form SCIL Speech Corrector for Indian Languages In inflectional language every word consists of one or several morphemes into which the word can be segmented. The approach used here aims at reducing the above mentioned problem of having a very huge corpus for good recognition accuracy. It exploits the characteristic of Telugu language that every word consists of one or several morphemes into which the word can be segmented. SCIL is a procedure To deal with complex word forms applied after recognition Using which misrecognized words are corrected Architecture of SCIL The design of Speech Corrector for Indian Languages, consists of the Syllable Identifier, Phone Sequence Generator, Word Segmenter, and Morpho- Syntactic Analyzer modules. Input speech is decoded by a normal ASR system which gives the identified word as a string. The sequence of phones would be the input to the Word Segmenter module which matches the phonetized input with the root words stored in dictionary module, and generates a possible set of root words. Morpho-Syntactic Analyzer compares the inflection part of the signal with the possible inflections list from the database and gives correct inflection. This will be given to Morph Analyzer to apply morpho-syntactic rules of the language and gives the correct inflected word. Fig 5.7: Block diagram of SCIL i) Syllable Identifier Syllable identifier marks the rough boundaries of the syllables and labels them. At this stage , we get list of syllables separated with hyphen. The user input is syllabified and this would be the input to the next module. E.g. dE-vA-la-yA-ku ii) Phone Sequence Generator As the words in the dictionary are stored at phone level transcription, this module generates the phone sequences from the syllables. E.g. d-E-v-A-l-a-y-A-k-u iii) Word Segmentor This module compares the phonetized input from starting with the root words stored in dictionary module and lists the possible set of root words. The possible root word is dEvAlayamu. iv) Dictionary Dictionary contains stems and inflections separately. It does not store inflected words as it is very difficult, if not impossible, to cover all inflected words of the language. The database consists of 2 dictionaries: Stem Dictionary Inflection Dictionary Stem dictionary contains the stem words of the language, signal information for that stem which includes the duration and location of that utterance and list of indices of inflection dictionary which are possible with that stem word. Inflection Dictionary contains the inflections of the language, signal information for that inflection which includes the duration and location of that utterance. Both the dictionaries are implemented using trie structure in order to reduce the search space. v) Morpho Syntactic Analyzer This module compares the inflection part of the signal with the possible inflections list from the database and gives correct inflection. This will be given to Morph Analyzer to apply morpho-syntactic rules of the language and gives the correct inflected word. Post Recognition Procedure Capture the utterance, an isolated inflected word. Get its syllabified form. Generate phone sequence from the syllabified word. Compare the phone sequences with stem words in the dictionary and identify the stem. Segment the word into stem and inflection. Get the list of possible inflections. Compare the inflection signals possible with that stem one by one and apply morpho-syntactic rules of the language to combine stem and inflection. Display the inflected word. Using the rules the possible set of root words are combined with possible set of inflections and the obtained results are compared with the given user input and the nearest possible root word and inflection are displayed if the given input is correct. If the given input is not correct then the inflection part of the given input word is compared with the inflections of that particular root word and identifies the nearest possible inflection and combines the root word with those identified inflections, applies sandhi rules and displays the output. When there is more than one root word or more than one inflection has minimum edit distance then the model will display all the possible options. User can choose the correct one from that. For example, when the given word is pustakaMdO (à  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ªÃƒ  Ã‚ ±Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ  Ã‚ ±Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ  Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¹), the inflections tO making it pustakaMtO (à  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ªÃƒ  Ã‚ ±Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ  Ã‚ ±Ã‚  à  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ  Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) meaning ‘with the book’ and lO making it pustakaMlO (à  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ªÃƒ  Ã‚ ±Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ  Ã‚ ±Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ²Ãƒ  Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) meaning ‘in the book’) mis are possible. Present work will list both the words and user is given the option. We are working on improving this by selecting the appropriate word based on the context. SCIL Algorithm W=Utterance.wav Syl[]=SyllableIdentifier(W) Phone[]=phonetizer(Syl[]) Stem=getStem(Syl[]) Infl[]=getInflections(Stem) While (not exactMatch) word=MorphAnalyzer(stem,inflMatch) display word Stop Working of SCIL Once possible root words identified the given word is segmented into two parts, first being the root word and second part inflection. Now the inflection part is compared in the reverse direction for a match in the inflection dictionary. It will consider only the inflections that are mentioned against the possible root words, thus reducing the search space and making the algorithm faster. For example consider â€Å"nAnnagariki† (à  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ±Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ °-à  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ °Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¿) meaning â€Å"to father†, is misrecognized as nAn-na-cA-ri-ku (à  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ±Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã… ¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ °Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ  Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ) then SCIL is applied and will correct the recognition error as follows: The output from ASR is nAn-na-cA-ri-ku. The phone sequence generator will generate the phone sequence as n-A-n-n-a-c-A-r-i-k-u. Now, match it with the set of root words stored in dictionary module. This process will identify the possible set of root words from the Stem dictionary as follows: Once possible root words identified the given word is segmented into two parts, first being the root word and second part inflection. Now the inflection part is compared for a match in the inflection dictionary. It will consider only the inflections that are mentioned against the possible root words, thus reducing the search space and making the algorithm faster. Possible set of inflections in inflections dictionary After getting the possible set of root words and possible set of inflections they are combined with the help of SaMdhi formation rules. Here in this example cA-ri-ku is compared with the inflections of the root word nAnna After comparing it identifies gAriki as the nearest possible inflection and combines the root word with the inflection and displays the output as â€Å"nAnnagAriki†. Conclusions Language model proposed in this work results in reduction in corpus size by using factored approach. The search process is fastened by use of trie based structure. A change to standard trie is proposed. A post recognition procedure SCIL, is designed which uses the proposed language model and corrects the words misrecognized at inflections. The approach is tested using 1500 speech samples. These samples consist of 100 distinct words , each word repeated 3 times and recorded by 5 speakers in the age group 18-50. It is implemented as a speaker dependent system. An average model is built from the three utterances of each word for each speaker. Each speaker is given a unique ID, using which average model of that speaker is used for testing.

Death Penalty Essay

1.ABSTRACT: This essay was mainly about death penalty. The information of essay was partially taken from the internet, through discussion among tutor and friends as well as general knowledge from outside sources. The objective of carrying out death penalty is to show that justice for extreme crime still exists. Electrocution, hanging, gas chamber, firing squad and lethal injection are the methods of execution in death penalty. In contrast, death penalty is a necessary evil that serves as deterrent to reduce crime rate, assures safety of the society and extreme criminals deserve retribution for their action. In conclusion, death penalty comes with positive and negative effects throughout a lot of aspects. Whether death penalty is inhuman or a necessary evil, it is an arguable issue in the society. 2.INTRODUCTION: Death penalty is the most contentious penal practice in the modern world and it has always been a controversial issue until today. Death penalty can be defined as a process to kill an individual by the state (Amnesty International 2010). Death penalty as a just punishment should be distinguished rationally to fit the crime. For instance, a person who stole magazine from a bookshop does not deserve death penalty as their punishment. However, a serial killer, who commits homicide repetitively for no tolerable reasons, definitely deserves death penalty. As long as criminals such as serial killers still exist, we will spend our life living in fear. In Malaysia, the death penalty is mandatory for some offenses such as discharging a firearm with the intention of causing death and offences against the person of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and murder (Laws of Malaysia 2006). This issue, death penalty is very important because it is related to one’s lives. Is the death penalty inhumane o r a necessary evil? Some strongly believe that death penalty is against human rights and death penalty costs more than life without parole. However, death penalty serves as a deterrent to help reduce crime rate, assures safety of the society and extreme criminals deserve retribution for their action. 3.BACKGROUND King Hammurabi of Babylon was the first to establish the death penalty codes for 25 different crimes back in the Eighteenth Century B.C. The death penalty was listed in the Fourteenth Century B.C.’s Hittite Code; in the Seventh Century B.C.’s Draconian Code of Athens, which made death the only punishment for all crimes; and in the Fifth Century B.C.’s Roman law of the Twelve Tablets. Crucifixion, drowning, burning alive and impalement are among the ways to perform death penalty (Death Penalty Information Center 2010). The historical background of death penalty is compelling because one’s moral had never been emphasized until today. Nowadays, some countries still carry out death penalty and the objective is to remind and to show their people the consequences of committing extreme crime. In the last decade, a lot of country has abolished the death penalty but more than fifty countries still retain the death penalty practice and law. For example, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, United States and India are among the countries that still practice death penalty until today (Prosecuting Attorney 2010). Key term: 1. Crucifixion – hanging on a cross, a method of capital punishment in ancient times. 2. Impalement – to pierce with a sharp stake or point. 3. Retribution – punishment that is considered to be morally right and fully deserved. 4. Shia – a Muslim who adheres to branch of Islam. 4. COUNTER ARGUMENTS 4.1 FIRST COUNTER ARGUMENT Death penalty is against human rights. If we believe human life is sacred, then the state’s executioner should be barred from carrying out the death penalty. We should respect and try to embrace human dignity. In 1997, the U.N. High Commission for Human rights agreed upon a decision stating that an outlaw of the death penalty contributes to the improvement of human dignity and to the progress of human rights (C. Richard 2011). Countries that understand the death penalty is a human right issue abolished death penalty. For example, the member states of the Council of Europe have added Protocol 6 to the European Convention on Human Rights calling for the outlaw of the death penalty (Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights 1979). The death penalty certainly goes against our most basic human right which is the right to have a life; this is also applied even to those who commit murder. For example, an execution by lethal injection or electrocut ion will take the lives of convicted felons and that clearly violates the human rights. 4. 2 SECOND COUNTER ARGUMENT On top of that, death penalty costs more than life without parole, which is also known as life imprisonment. We should be aware that death penalty is time consuming and expensive. In 1995, the Bomber of Oklahoma City named Timothy McVeigh’s had been executed and his execution costs more than $13 million. Furthermore, since the death penalty was restored in New York in 1995, it costs approximately $23 million for each person condemned to death (BBC Ethics Guide 2011). Suppose a cheaper option is available when we compare the prices of a similar television, we will definitely buy the cheaper one. This is how we should apply when discussing death penalty and life imprisonment. The capital cases in the United States can cost up to millions of dollars from arresting to executing a criminal with death penalty but cases ending with life imprisonment costs only around $500,000 (Jones Elliot 2009). All of this money could have been used to cure poverty around the globe. Therefore, we s hould save hundreds of lives around the world instead of ending one’s life with that amount of money. 5. TRANSITION The arguments claimed by the opponents stated that death penalty violates human rights and a lot of money will be wasted on death penalty is actually undeniable but the death penalty is not killing the criminals, it is a punishment for their extreme action and justice can never be thought in financial terms. Death penalty affects more factors positively than causing negative effect. Death penalty serves as a deterrent to help reduce crime rate, assures safety of the society by eliminating criminals and some criminals deserve retribution for their action are the main factors that should be addressed seriously. death penalty essay crime rates in states with death penalty vs. without essay on death penalty essays on death penalty the death penalty essay 6. ARGUMENTS 6.1. FIRST ARGUMENT Death penalty is a necessary evil that serves as deterrent to reduce crime rate. Everybody fears death, even animals. If extreme criminals are executed by death penalty, all the potential criminals will definitely think twice before committing extreme crime because their own life is at stake. Majority of studies claimed that the existence of death penalty increases the crime rate but some of the studies did not consider other factors that affects crime rate. For example, the major factors that constantly contributing to an increase of crime rate are residential population, individual family issue, climate and economic condition (Annual Crime Report 1998). Moreover, all the matters regarding deterrence has been studied by a Professor of Jurisprudence named Ernest van den Haag from Fordham University. He stated that even though statistical demonstrations are not conclusive, capital punishment deter more than other punishments because people fear death more than anyt hing else (Arguments for and Against the Death penalty 2000). Death penalty is 100% effective as deterrent to the criminal being executed; that killer would not be able to commit anymore crimes especially homicide (Stephen K 1985). Suppose life imprisonment is the maximum penalty in a state, nothing can stop those prisoners who are facing life imprisonment to commit more crime especially murder again in prison. â€Å"Assault in prisons in all over US, both against fellow inmates and against staff, have more than doubled in the past decades, according to statistics gathered by Criminal Justice Institute in Middletown, Connecticut†(Van Paul 1998). Death penalty is a necessary evil that should be retained because criminal especially serial killers will learn a lesson which is death penalty is the most suitable punishment of justice for their extreme crime. death penalty research paper against death penalty essay thesis statement about death penalty death penalty essays death penalty paper 6.2. SECOND ARGUMENT Furthermore, safety of the society will not be the main concern once those criminals are executed by death penalty. However, criminals especially murderers can plead for insanity or mental retardation. The courts have accepted a general definition of mental retardation as being significantly sub average in general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behaviour and manifested during the developmental period (Garner Corinne 1990). For example, a drug related brain-damaged killer barely knew his own identity when he raped and murdered a woman and her daughter in front of a 3 year old boy. The insane man then pled for insanity which made him spent his 22 years in jail. We would not know the truth behind the crime scene; he might consume the drugs right after killing because anyone would take risk just to continue living. Next, if he were mentally disabled from the beginning he brings danger towards the society. â€Å"The procedures of identifying mental retardation vary from state to state and some of the procedures used to identify mental retardation have come to be questioned. Some of the prisoners identified as having mental retardation have mislabelled† (Petersilia 1997). This is why death penalty is crucial for those who damage themselves mentally or those who are born with mental problems if they committed extreme crime more than once because it is for the safety of the society. Thus, death penalty is not inhumane because it benefits the mentally disable criminal to prevent them from committing sins without them realizing it. 6.3. THIRD ARGUMENT Last but not least, some criminals deserve retribution for their action. Death penalty is not revenge but simply returning the nature of the extreme crime committed as a punishment. Criminals such as murderers are the ones that keep demonstrating inhumanity. Anti-death penalty supporters believe that death penalty is inhumane and barbarous. Well, so is murder. If murderers do not value the life of their victim then there is no reason their life should be valuable. In addition, murderers neglected their rights as a human when they violate the rights of their victim (Jones Elliot 2009). The rights of the victims are more important than the rights of the criminal. Death penalty will bring closure to the criminal and closure to the ordeal for the victim’s family. The greatest example in history would be Saddam Hussein; He is punished by death penalty because he committed extreme crime against humanity when he murdered 148 Shias in Tigris river city of Dujail in 1982. The society was finally satisfied when he was sentenced to death because it brings closure to the ordeal for the 148 victim’s family (BBC News 2006). Thus, criminals such as Saddam deserve death penalty retribution as a proportionate punishment. 7.CONCLUSION: In this essay, I have listed two effects of death penalty; death penalty is against human rights and death penalty costs more than life without parole. I have also discussed three reasons why death penalty is a necessary evil; death penalty serves as a deterrent to help reduce crime rate, assures safety of the society and extreme criminals deserve retribution for their action. The reality is that our country, Malaysia still practices death penalty today because the government knows what’s best for their people. Government of other country should think carefully and take into considerations all the angle of subject of death penalty. Everything has their effects. Therefore, the governments should come up with wise solutions for the entire question that rises regarding death penalty. A rational solution can make a country unite and more stable in various aspects. opponents of the death penalty argue all but which one of the following? juvenile death penalty pros and cons death penalty essay introduction essay against death penalty death penalty introduction essays on the death penalty

Kinky and the Lost Tooth: A Book Review in Relation to Child Play

A Book Review in Relation to Child Play, Learning and Development Ask any child why they love to read, reread and sometimes even reenact their favorite book or story, and chances are you won’t get a response related to educational value. As expected, children will not see behind the magical characters and imaginary places they encounter with each story they choose to immerse themselves in. According to Whitebread and Jameson (2005, p.64), children are usually engrossed in what they are doing when they are at play. Of course, we adults know much better than that. We know that there is much more to fairy tales and children’s books than just their escapism or entertainment value. Research upon research has proven time and time again that children’s literature plays an important role in a child’s learning and holistic development. This is why authors of children’s books put much thought (and some, much research) into producing reading material that is educational without compromising its entertainment and marketing value. But what happens when the story is written or made up by a child? Does it accomplish more or less than what the average adult-written literature does? The main difference lies in how adults and children perceive stories, especially children’s literature. Children see stories as an extension of their play activities; almost everything is, for them. What exactly goes on when a child engages himself into a story? A very appropriate way to get a â€Å"behind-the-scenes† look at what happens when a child engages into literature is by studying a student-made story and its learning effectiveness. Just the fact that this came from a child all the more changes the dynamics in this research. The story chosen for this paper is Kinky and the Lost Tooth, written by V. Mansaray (2008): Once upon a time there was a beautiful girl called Kinky who lived in a town called Matotoka. One day she was playing with her friends Pikah, Krit and Kemzo, they decided to play a game called Koo-Koo! (hide and seek). As Kinky is running to hide under the Bao Bao tree, she fell down and lost her tooth. Kinky doesn’t realize that a new tooth would grow, she felt very, very sad because she had a party to go to and she cried all day and all night!! Suddenly she heard a loud voice calling her name. â€Å"Kinky, Kinky, K-i-n-k-y†¦ I am the tooth fairy. I am here to help you. Listen carefully. Stretch your hands, close your eyes.† Kinky did exactly what the tooth fairy asked her to do. †Now, can you open your eyes?† said the tooth fairy. When Kinky opened her eyes and looked in her hand she saw that she was holding a pink box. Guess what was inside the little box? When Kinky opened the tiny pink box she found her lost tooth. What do you think she will do with the tooth, now that she has found it? This story is a modern-day fairy tale, obviously because of the reference to the tooth fairy. The voice in the story is very simplistic and direct-to-the-point, making it clear and obvious that the words come from a child’s mouth (although this is a common approach and style that writers of children’s literature usually employ; more like stooping down to a child’s eye level to connect with them while communicating). The lines do not rhyme that much, but the proper names used are catchy & interestingly unique, for a kid (not much unlike Dr. Seuss’ famous characters). In addition, there is an evident pattern in how the proper names are coined; monosyllables repeated twice (Koo-Koo, Bao Bao, and even Kinky). This indicates that the author is of a young age. It is also noticeable that the most repeated word in the entire story is the protagonist’s name, Kinky. If one were to take this literary creation as an extension of the author’s playtime, then it would also be safe to assume that the protagonist could be the author’s actual self-projection. Tina Bruce (2001) has mentioned that in their play, children more often than not use the first hand experiences that they have in life. There weren’t that many descriptive words used to describe the plot settings, the protagonist, the fairy, even Kinky herself. This might imply that the child drew illustrations as he/she wrote this story, or even used his/her illustrations as his/her storyboard itself. Children are much more interested in visual and colorful images rather than in verbal imagery. A very visual book will be needed to pique the students’ interest, and there could be nothing more visual than a child’s active imagination. Considering the voice used, the language level employed, and the way the story flows in logical succession, this story would be best appropriate for children transitioning from the Concrete to the Formal Operational Stages. The question the author leaves for his readers at the end implies that the author is already capable of problem solving and inferencing, which are characteristics of a child around those stages (Piaget, 1954). Reading along the lines of Erik Erikson’s theory on psychosocial development, one can assume that the author/protagonist is at the School Age stage, since the protagonist shows that there is a basic conflict between Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson, 1959). In this story, Kinky’s main problem was she had to go to a party but she couldn’t because she just lost a tooth. There was the social demand of going to a party (where it is assumed that everybody else is going), but then again missing a tooth (especially if it was a front tooth) would mean she would be somewhat inferior to the other kids. The eventual resolution of her problem, however, is still interestingly abstract; it took the tooth fairy’s magic to give Kinky a happy ending. The tooth fairy is one of the most popular characters children encounter in their young lives; and surprisingly, it can be a social tool in more ways than one. This story says a lot about how a child seems to cope with the stress and social repercussions losing a tooth brings in a child’s life. Kinky’s dilemma could or could not be reflective of the author’s real life struggles; but whatever the case may be, it is still a real issue many children face at this stage. Kinky’s story can be used to teach children of an appropriate age how to cope with their self-identities and with seemingly stressful situations that need their own decision and action. We can further examine Kinky’s story by comparing and contrasting it with a published book (presumably written by an adult). Taking for example Selby Breeler’s 1998 book Throw Your Tooth on the Roof: Tooth Traditions All Over the World, this book takes the focus away from the child and focus more on other children around the world. By depicting how other children around the world cope with losing a tooth, Breeler introduces the child to world geography and being conscious of other nationalities and customs at the same time. Breeler does not take away the magic by refuting the validity of the tooth fairy, but instead affirms the child by showing that some children in other countries also believe in the tooth fairy, or an equivalent entity. The author also assures the child that he/she is not alone in losing his/her tooth, that it’s normal. Breeler ends the story with reassurance, leaving the child reader with hope for renewed confidence: â€Å"Teeth fall out every day, all over the world. What do you do with yours?† Moyles (2005, p.9) discusses that â€Å"play in educational settings should have learning consequences.† In this light, every piece of children’s literature should have some educational merit. Mansaray’s and Breeler’s stories could be used within the class curriculum to stress several learning points, especially those related to reinforcing the child’s self-confidence and social awareness. In that way, these resources can actually be used to support children’s learning and development. The authors may actually consider extending their work into other literature by expanding these stories into series that tackle different issues and conflicts children face from day to day. A good way to implement these resources in the classroom setting is to allow each student read, analyze and interpret these stories in their own ways. Bettelheim (1989) theorizes that when children get to read about the problems, victories and failures experienced by the heroes and heroines of fairy tales (and in this case, children’s books),   they are given the chance to get a greater sense of meaning and purpose, and in effect prepare them for their own conflicts in their own lives. Bandura (1977) reinforces this by his theory on social learning: â€Å"Fortunately, most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action.† This just emphasizes the need to lead children of operational age to learn how to analyze situations, identify the conflict/s, and then come to their own conclusions and solutions. Children find it easier to do so when they have a model (in this case, a symbolic one, found in the literary protagonists) they can relate to and follow. Another way one might employ these sample resources is to let the students have a chance to be able to relate or connect their own personal experiences with those of the protagonists’. Bowlby’s Attachment Theory (1969) comes into play here, revealing that if the educator or parent lets the child use a literary protagonist as their own attachment figure, then one can promptly use that attachment to direct or lead the student to the learning point at hand. Children, especially those in the operational stage, need someone with whom they can identify. Johnson’s treatise on the interrelation of child development with learning and literature backs this up in quoting that â€Å"knowledge cannot be given directly from the teacher to the learner, but must be constructed by the learner and reconstructed as new information becomes available† (Ryan & Cooper, quoted in Johnson, 2003). Johnson later on concludes that â€Å"learning is not the result of development; rather, learning is development.† By looking through Bandura’s â€Å"sociocognitive glasses†, so to speak, this interaction between the child and the literary protagonist plays an important role in the child’s intellectual development. This means that what a child learns socially is related to what he/she learns cognitively, and vice versa. What a child learns by interacting with other people adds to his/her own schema and thus increases his/her understanding in some cognitive processes. (Bandura, 1977) Mansaray’s story about Kinky and the lost tooth in itself has little educational merit; but if one would look at it by using sociocognitive theories, then the educator/parent can certainly use such output from the child as clues and tools for further sociocognitive learning. Using a story that uses the child’s own language and vocabulary, and that is based on the child’s own personal conflicts and issues, proves to be a very important tool in child development. Not only does the child get to learn about certain subject matter, but the educator/parent can also use it to teach very important life lessons as well. Bibliography Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall. Beeler, S. (1998) Throw Your Tooth on the Roof: Tooth Traditions All Over the World. New York, Houghton Mifflin. Bettelheim, B. (1989) The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. Vintage Books. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Attachment (Vol. 1). New York, Basic. Bruce, T. 2001, Learning through Play, Babies, Toddlers and the Foundation Years. Hodder and Stoughton. Erikson, E. H. (1959) Identity and the Life Cycle. New York, International Universities Press. Johnson, D.C. (2003) The Role of Child Development and Social Interaction in the Selection of Children's Literature to Promote Literacy Acquisition. Early Childhood Research ; Practice [Internet], Fall, 5 (2). Available from: ;http://www.ecrp.uiuc.edu/v5n2/johnson.html; [Accessed 9 April 2008] Mansaray, V. (2008) Kinky and the Lost Tooth [written by student]. Piaget, J. (1954) The Construction of Reality in the Child. New York, Basic Books. Whitebread, D. ; Jameson, H. (2005) Play, Storytelling and Creative Writing. In: Moyles, J. ed. The Excellence of Play. England, Open University Press, McGraw-Hill. ; ; ; ; ;